Reducing chilling injury in 'Palmer' mangoes submitted to quarantine cold treatment.

BACKGROUND: Treatment with low temperatures can be used to quarantine mangoes against fruit-fly infestation. However, mangoes can develop chilling injury (CI) when stored at temperatures below 13 °C. We demonstrated that the immersion in polyol solutions can alleviate CI symptoms in 'Palmer' mangoes stored at 8 °C. These suggest that polyols can be used to reduce CI in mangoes during quarantine at low temperatures. Thus, we investigated the efficacy of applying 0.1% (v/v) glycerol, propylene glycol, or sorbitol to 'Palmer' mangoes subjected to cold treatment (1.0 °C) for 28 days. Mangoes were then ripened at 23 °C for 7 days. RESULTS: Among these polyols, sorbitol was the most effective in alleviating CI for up to 14 days of cold treatment. Mangoes treated with sorbitol showed lower levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ), and reduced polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity. These fruit also had elevated levels of ascorbate (AsA), especially in the epicarp, and increased superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity. CONCLUSION: Sorbitol can reduce the CI, but to an unsatisfying level, and it should be combined with other treatments storage at low temperature. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Production of mycosporine-like amino acid (MAA)-loaded emulsions as chemical barriers to control sunscald in fruits and vegetables.

BACKGROUND: Sunscald is a physiological disorder that occurs in many horticultural products when exposed to excessive solar radiation and high temperatures. Traditionally, sunscald is controlled using physical barriers that reflect radiation, however this practice is not always efficient. A possible alternative would be the use of chemical barriers, such as mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs), which protect aquatic organisms against ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Thus, this study aimed to develop a lipid-based emulsion containing MAAs for using in the preharvest of horticultural products. RESULTS: Emulsions were developed using 10% (w/v) of corn oil (CO) and soybean oil (SO), carnauba wax (CW), and beeswax (BW) as lipid bases (LBs). The emulsion containing CW and ammonium hydroxide was the most stable, resembling commercial wax. Therefore, this formulation was used as the basis for the incorporation of the commercial product Helioguard™ 365, a source of MAA, in concentrations of 0%, 1%, 2%, and 4% (v/v). The MAA incorporation resulted in little modifications in the stability of the emulsion, providing an increase in the absorbance with peaks in the UV-B ranging from 280 to 300 nm. CONCLUSION: The lipid-base emulsion containing MAAs could be used as a chemical barrier to control sunscald in horticultural products. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

Laryngeal Manual Therapies for Behavioral Dysphonia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to review systematically the literature and to analyze the effectiveness of laryngeal manual therapy in addressing the overall severity of vocal deviation, the intensity of vocal and laryngeal symptoms, and musculoskeletal pain in adults with behavioral dysphonia. STUDY DESIGN: This is a systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS: Two independent authors selected clinical trials that analyzed the effectiveness of laryngeal manual therapy compared with other interventions in the treatment of adults with behavioral dysphonia from the Cochrane Library, PubMed, Web of Science, and LILACS. The analyzed outcomes were the overall severity of vocal deviation, the intensity of vocal and laryngeal symptoms, and musculoskeletal pain. Data analysis was conducted based on the following steps: the assessment of the risk of bias, the measures of treatment effect and descriptive data analysis, the assessment of heterogeneity, subgroup analysis, sensitivity analysis, and the assessment of reporting biases. RESULTS: A total of 2135 studies were identified, three of which met the selection criteria. Data analysis showed an unclear risk of 100% of performance bias and 66% of detection bias, in addition to a 33% high risk of selection bias. Low statistical and clinical heterogeneities were found. In addition, no significant difference was found in the relative risk of improvement with laryngeal manual therapy and with other interventions in the analyzed outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Various types of laryngeal manual therapies are available with similar objectives and effects, but their effectiveness is equivalent to that of other interventions involving direct voice therapy in the rehabilitation of adults with behavioral dysphonia.

Diagrama de Desvio Fonatório em dois programas de reabilitação vocal / Phonatory deviation diagram in two vocal rehabilitation programs / Diagrama de Desvío Fonatório en dos programas de rehabilitación vocal

Objetivo: Comparar a análise perceptivo-auditiva vocal, análise acústica e diagrama de desvio fonatório (DDF) de pacientes submetidos à terapia de voz com os exercícios de função vocal (EFV) e de pacientes submetidos ao Programa Integral de Reabilitação Vocal (PIRV). Métodos: 72 profissionais da voz com queixa vocal, encaminhados para reabilitação vocal por disfonia comportamental, foram acompanhados por seis sessões de terapia de voz. Os participantes foram divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos. Um deles foi submetido ao PIRV e o outro, ao EFV. O material de fala analisado foi a vogal /ε/, gravada no módulo qualidade vocal do programa Voxmetria (CTS Informatica), para extração do DDF, nos momentos pré e pós-terapia. Os grupos foram comparados de acordo com o grau geral do desvio vocal, aspectos acústicos e com a distribuição das amostras vocais no DDF, em relação à área de normalidade, densidade, forma e localização nos quadrantes. Resultados: Houve diferença apenas quanto à densidade do registro do DDF no pós-terapia vocal, sendo que o grupo EFV apresentou registro concentrado no pósterapia quando comparado ao grupo PIRV. Apenas indivíduos do grupo PIRV apresentaram diferenças na avaliação perceptivo-auditiva pré e pós, sendo que mais indivíduos tiveram suas vozes avaliadas como sem desvio no pós-intervenção. Conclusões: O Programa Integral de Reabilitação Vocal promoveu melhora da qualidade vocal, porém não houve correspondência da análise perceptivo-auditiva com a análise acústica, já que o diagrama de desvio fonatório foi sensível para identificar mudanças somente na avaliação dos pacientes submetidos aos exercícios de função vocal.

Objective: To compare both vocal perceptual analysis and Phonatory Deviation Diagram (PDD) of a group of patients undergoing voice therapy with Vocal Function Exercises (VFE) and a group undergoing Comprehensive Vocal Rehabilitation Program (CVRP). Methods: 72 professional voices with vocal complaint, sent to voice rehabilitation of behavioral dysphonia, were followed during six speech therapy sessions. The participants were randomly divided into two groups. One of them was submitted to CVRP and the other, the VFE. The analyzed speech material was the / ε / vowel, recorded in Vocal Quality module of VoxMetria program (CTS Informatica) for extraction of the phonatory deviation diagram, pre and post therapy times. The groups were compared according to the general level of the voice deviation, acoustic aspects and to the distribution of the PDD vocal samples, in terms of normal area, density, shape and location in the quadrants. Results: The only difference was on the density of the PDD record on post vocal therapy, and the VFE group had a more concentrated record after the therapy compared to CVRP group (p = 0.031). Only individuals from the CVRP group showed differences on the vocal perceptual analysis, and most of them had their voices assessed as with no deviation in the post-intervention. Conclusions: Comprehensive Vocal Rehabilitation Program promotes an improvement of voice quality, but there was no correspondence of the vocal perceptual analysis with acoustic analysis, as the phonatory deviation diagram was sensitive to identify changes only in the evaluation of patients undergoing Vocal Function Exercises.

Objetivo: Para comparar la voz de análisis perceptiva, análisis acústicos y auditivo diagrama de desvío fonatorio (DDF) de pacientes sometidos a terapia de voz con los ejercicios de la función vocal (EFV) y de los pacientes se han sometidos a rehabilitación Vocal completo programa (PIRV). Métodos: 72 profesionales en voz con vocal queja, enviado para rehabilitación vocal por disfonía comportamiento, fueron acompañados por seis sesiones de terapia del habla. Los participantes se dividieron al azar en dos grupos. Uno de ellos fue presentado a PIRV y el otro el EFV. El material del discurso analizado fue registrado en el módulo de programa de calidad vocal Voxmetria (Informatica de CTS), a la extracción del DDF, pre veces y post terapia. Los grupos fueron comparados según el grado General de aspectos acústicos de la voz y con la distribución de muestras vocales en DDF. Resultados: No hubo diferencias así como la densidad del registro DDF después de terapia vocal, el grupo se concentró en post registro presentado terapia EFV en comparación con grupo PIRV. Sólo individuos PIRV grupo mostró diferencias en la evaluación perceptual-pre y post audición, ya que más personas tenían sus voces como no se desvían después de la intervención. Conclusiones: El programa completo de rehabilitación Vocal promovió la mejora de la calidad vocal, pero no había ninguna coincidencia de análisis perceptivo-audiencia con análisis acústico, puesto que el diagrama de desvío fonatorio era sensible para identificar cambios en la evaluación de pacientes sometidos a los ejercicios de la función vocal.

The Effectiveness of the Comprehensive Voice Rehabilitation Program Compared With the Vocal Function Exercises Method in Behavioral Dysphonia: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of the Comprehensive Voice Rehabilitation Program (CVRP) compared with Vocal Function Exercises (VFEs) to treat functional dysphonia. STUDY DESIGN: This is a randomized blinded clinical trial. METHODS: Eighty voice professionals presented with voice complaints for more than 6 months with a functional dysphonia diagnosis. Subjects were randomized into two voice treatment groups: CVRP and VFE. The rehabilitation program consisted of six voice treatment sessions and three assessment sessions performed before, immediately after, and 1 month after treatment. The outcome measures were self-assessment protocols (Voice-Related Quality of Life [V-RQOL] and Voice Handicap Index [VHI]), perceptual evaluation of vocal quality, and a visual examination of the larynx, both blinded. RESULTS: The randomization process produced comparable groups in terms of age, gender, signs, and symptoms. Both groups had positive outcome measures. The CVRP effect size was 1.09 for the V-RQOL, 1.17 for the VHI, 0.79 for vocal perceptual evaluation, and 1.01 for larynx visual examination. The VFE effect size was 0.86 for the V-RQOL, 0.62 for the VHI, 0.48 for the vocal perceptual evaluation, and 0.51 for larynx visual examination. Only 10% of the patients were lost over the study. CONCLUSIONS: Both treatment programs were effective. The probability of a patient improving because of the CVRP treatment was similar to that of the VFE treatment.

Comparação dos atendimentos fonoaudiológicos virtual e presencial em profissionais do telejornalismo / Comparison of virtual and present speech voice therapist service in television journalism professional

OBJETIVO: comparar o efeito do atendimento fonoaudiológico virtual e presencial a repórteres de telejornal. MÉTODOS: oito repórteres receberam acompanhamento fonoaudiológico virtualmente e oito receberam acompanhamento presencial. Para análise foram utilizadas cópias de duas reportagens, de períodos dife rentes (pré e pós- intervenção). As reportagens foram gravadas aos pares, de maneira aleatória quanto à data da exibição/gravação e ao grupo, totalizando dezesseis pares de reportagem. Os materiais, pré e pós-intervenção, foram avaliados por juízes fonoaudiólogos especialistas em voz, cegos quanto ao momento da reportagem. Foram utilizados dois protocolos específicos. Um para avaliação do desempenho na tarefa e de naturalidade dos profissionais e outro para análise auditiva e visual dos parâmetros vocais e interpretativos. RESULTADOS: houve melhora no desempenho comunicativo em ambos os grupos na comparação entre o material pré e pós-intervenção. De acordo com os juízes, 61,53% dos repórteres de ambos os grupos passaram a envolver mais o telespectador à notícia no material pós-intervenção e 69,23% passaram a conversar melhor com o telespectador e a transmitir a notícia de forma mais natural. Quanto ao escore do protocolo de análise auditiva e visual, a maioria dos parâmetros do grupo virtual (postura, gestos, expressões, qualidade vocal, pausas e ênfase) apresentou melhora no momento pós-intervenção na comparação com o grupo presencial que apresentou melhora em apenas um parâmetro (pitch). CONCLUSÃO: o estudo mostra que tanto o atendimento presencial quanto o virtual promovem a melhora no desempenho vocal e comunicativo dos profissionais de telejornalismo, confirmando a viabilidade e o resultado da modalidade virtual na prática fonoaudiológica. .

PURPOSE: to compare the effect of telepractice and present speech and voice therapist service in television news reporters speech. METHODS: eight reporters received virtual speech therapy and eight reporters received speech therapy face-to-face. For analysis were used copies of two journalistic materials, from different periods (pre and post intervention). The reports were recorded in pairs, randomly about the date of viewing/recording and the group, totaling sixteen pairs of reportage. The material, pre and post intervention, was rated by judges speech voice therapist, blinded as to the state of reportage. Two specific protocols were used. A performance evaluation on task and naturalness of the professionals and one for auditory and visual analysis of the vocal and interpretive parameters. RESULTS: there was improvement in communicative performance in both groups in the comparison between the pre-and post-intervention material. According to the judges, 61.53% of both groups, reporters began to involve more the viewer with the news on post-intervention and 69.23% material began to talk better with the viewer and to convey the news of more natural. There was improvement in the performance score of hearing and visual analysis protocol, most of the parameters of the virtual group (posture, gestures, expressions, vocal quality, pauses and emphasis) showed improvement in the post-intervention time compared with the face-to-face group which showed improvement in only one parameter (pitch). CONCLUSION: the study shows that both face-to-face and telepractice services promote improvement in communicative and vocal performance of telejournalism professionals, confirming the viability and the result of the virtual mode to monitor speech. .

Reproduction of Blackfin tuna Thunnus atlanticus (Perciformes: Scombridae) in Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago, Equatorial Atlantic, Brazil.

The reproduction of Blackfin tuna Thunnus atlanticus has been described for coastal regions, and for a long time, this species was considered to be a strictly continental spawner. Recently, this species was observed around a seamount habitat 500 nautical miles Northeast of Brazil, located between South America and Africa. In this study we describe the reproductive biology of Blackfin tuna at Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago (SPSPA). Male and female gonads were sampled from December 2008 to July 2010, and analyzed macro and microscopically. A total of 361 fish were sampled (247 males and 114 females). Males were more common than females, with a sex ratio of 2.2 male:1 female. The fork length (FL) of all sampled specimens ranged from 38 to 98cm, and larger length classes were more frequent in males. It was possible to distinguish six maturity phases for females: immature, developing, spawning capable, actively spawning, regressing and recovering. Five phases were identified for males: immature, developing, spawning capable, actively spawning and recovering. The gonad index (GI) mean monthly values ranged from 6.6 (SD = 4.1) to 58.4 (SD = 34.7) for females, and from 2.6 (SD = 1.3) to 66.2 (SD = 30.4) for males. For both sexes, the largest GI values were observed at the beginning of the first semester of the year. Size at first maturity was estimated at 48cm FL and 55cm FL for females and males respectively. Approximately 80% of the specimens were adults and considered to be in reproductive conditions. Histological analysis of the ovaries and testes showed that most of the specimens were sexually mature and were reproductively active during all months of the year. However, females with mature ovaries, with large amounts of hydrated oocytes and post-ovulatory follicles, were mainly found from December to March, thus these months may constitute the main spawning season in SPSPA. Batch fecundity varied between 272025 and 1,140584 oocytes for 56 and 68 cm FL females respectively. Oocyte development and spawning patterns suggest a multiple spawning behavior. The results revealed that Blackfin tuna is using the SPSPA as a spawning ground, similar to other species commonly observed in the same area during the same reproductive season.

Reproduction of Blackfin tuna Thunnus atlanticus (Perciformes: Scombridae) in Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago, Equatorial Atlantic, Brazil / Reproducción del atún de aleta negra Thunnus atlanticus (Perciformes: Scombridae) en el Archipiélago San Pedro y San Pablo, Atlántico Ecuatorial, Brasil

The reproduction of Blackfin tuna Thunnus atlanticus has been described for coastal regions, and for a long time, this species was considered to be a strictly continental spawner. Recently, this species was observed around a seamount habitat 500 nautical miles Northeast of Brazil, located between South America and Africa. In this study we describe the reproductive biology of Blackfin tuna at Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago (SPSPA). Male and female gonads were sampled from December 2008 to July 2010, and analyzed macro and microscopically. A total of 361 fish were sampled (247 males and 114 females). Males were more common than females, with a sex ratio of 2.2 ♂:1♀. The fork length (FL) of all sampled specimens ranged from 38 to 98cm, and larger length classes were more frequent in males. It was possible to distinguish six maturity phases for females: immature, developing, spawning capable, actively spawning, regressing and recovering. Five phases were identified for males: immature, developing, spawning capable, actively spawning and recovering. The gonad index (GI) mean monthly values ranged from 6.6 (SD=4.1) to 58.4 (SD=34.7) for females, and from 2.6 (SD=1.3) to 66.2 (SD=30.4) for males. For both sexes, the largest GI values were observed at the beginning of the first semester of the year. Size at first maturity was estimated at 48cm FL and 55cm FL for females and males respectively. Approximately 80% of the specimens were adults and considered to be in reproductive conditions. Histological analysis of the ovaries and testes showed that most of the specimens were sexually mature and were reproductively active during all months of the year. However, females with mature ovaries, with large amounts of hydrated oocytes and post-ovulatory follicles, were mainly found from December to March, thus these months may constitute the main spawning season in SPSPA. Batch fecundity varied between 272 025 and 1 140 584 oocytes for 56 and 68cm FL females respectively. Oocyte development and spawning patterns suggest a multiple spawning behavior. The results revealed that Blackfin tuna is using the SPSPA as a spawning ground, similar to other species commonly observed in the same area during the same reproductive season.

A pesar de la importancia de las capturas del atún de aleta negra Thunnus atlanticus en el noreste de Brasil y en las cercanías del Archipiélago San Pedro y San Pablo (ASPSP), hay una escasez de información sobre su reproducción, especialmente en las islas. La reproducción del atún de aleta negra en este archipiélago se estudió de diciembre 2008 a julio 2010. Con este fin, se recolectaron 361 gónadas de hembras y machos, los machos fueron predominantemente más frecuentes en la muestra total, con una proporción sexual de 1♀:2.2 ♂. La longitud furcal todos los ejemplares muestreados varió entre 38 y 98 cm, y los machos fueron más abundantes en las clases de mayor longitud. Los valores medios mensuales del índice gonadal (IG) variaron de 6.6 (SD=4.1) a 58.4 (SD=34.7) y de 2.6 (SD=1.3) a 66.2 (SD=30.4) para hembras y machos, respectivamente. Los mayores valores de IG para ambos sexos fueron observados el inicio del primer semestre. Los análisis histológicos mostraron que la mayoría de los ovarios y testículos correspondieron a especímenes aptos para reproducirse. Sin embargo, hembras con ovarios maduros, con gran cantidad de oócitos hidratados y folículos post ovulatorios, se encontraron principalmente de diciembre a marzo, que se considera es la época de reproducción del atún de aleta negra alrededor del ASPSP.

[The long-term average spectrum in research and in the clinical practice of speech therapists]. / O espectro médio de longo termo na pesquisa e na clínica fonoaudiológica.

BACKGROUND: One of the great difficulties in evaluating a voice is the judgment of quality through the perceptual auditive analysis--although frequently used--, as it is influenced by socioeconomic and cultural aspects as well as individual preferences. Many are the adjectives and methods used in this assessment, especially because of the subjectivity involved in the process, leading to incompatibilities between listeners and difficulties in reaching a consensus on the use of this or that terminology. In such a context, the voice laboratory and more specifically the acoustic computerized analysis, has guided and complemented speech-language treatments. Among the several possibilities of spectrographic analysis, the (Long-Term Average Spectrum--LTAS) quantifies the quality of voices, pointing differences between gender, age, professional--spoken and sang--and dysphonic voices. The LTAS has been used a lot in researches that investigate voice. As it evidences the contribution of the glottic source and of resonance to the quality of voice, it provides objective parameters for the evaluation of this aspect which usually depends on our auditive perception. AIM: to demonstrate how LTAS can be applied in voice research and in the speech-language therapy practice, describing both the technical aspects required for the production and interpretation of results, and its limitations. CONCLUSION: The area of voice research has developed a lot in these last two decades especially because of the advent of the voice and speech laboratory. For this reason, the knowledge about the applicability of more tools for voice analysis, as the LTAS, as well as the existing need for more studies in this area, will most certainly contribute for the creation of new research areas not only in the field of professional voice but also in the field of therapy.

O espectro médio de longo termo na pesquisa e na clínica fonoaudiológica / The long-term average spectrum in research and in the clinical practice of speech therapists

TEMA: uma das maiores dificuldades que encontramos ao avaliar uma voz é julgar a sua qualidade por meio da análise perceptivo-auditiva que - ainda que soberana - envolve desde aspectos sócio-econômicos e culturais até preferências individuais. Muitos são os adjetivos usados nesta avaliação e os métodos empregados, pela subjetividade envolvida neste processo, acabam gerando discordâncias entre os ouvintes e dificuldades de assumir um consenso em torno do uso desta ou daquela terminologia. Neste contexto, o laboratório de voz e, mais especificamente, a análise acústica computadorizada, trouxe a possibilidade de orientar e complementar a conduta fonoaudiológica. Entre as várias possibilidades de análise espectrográfica, o espectro médio de longo termo (Long-Term Average Spectrum - LTAS) oferece a possibilidade de "quantificar" a qualidade de uma voz, marcando as diferenças entre gênero, idade, vozes profissionais - falada e cantada - e vozes disfônicas. O LTAS vem sendo muito utilizado em pesquisas na área de voz pois, ao evidenciar a contribuição da fonte glótica e da ressonância para a sua qualidade, fornece subsídios objetivos para a avaliação deste parâmetro que depende basicamente da nossa percepção auditiva. OBJETIVO: trazer o conhecimento sobre a aplicação do LTAS na pesquisa e na clínica fonoaudiológica, descrevendo tanto os aspectos técnicos necessários à sua execução e à interpretação dos seus resultados, bem como as limitações no seu uso. CONCLUSAO: a área de voz tem se desenvolvido muito nestas duas últimas décadas graças ao advento do laboratório de voz e fala. Assim sendo, conhecer a aplicabilidade de mais uma ferramenta de análise, o LTAS, considerando ainda a demanda existente de estudos nesta área, certamente vai contribuir para a criação de novas linhas de pesquisa tanto em voz profissional quanto na reeducação de alterações vocais.